Chess Book for the  Ordinary Mortals  

Chapter 2: Opening Play

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I said in the introductory passages that this book would not go into openings theory in depth.  However, because of the huge importance of the opening phase, some morsels of advice will be sprinkled before the reader.  Play through the following games and see what you think.  The big headache for weaker players especially, and for anyone who hasn't the ability to absorb countless opening variations and their underlying strategies is….   a) for White, consolidating the advantage of having the first move (to leave good attacking chances and a solid defence for the crucial middle-game), and b) for Black, catching up that first move to leave no inherent weaknesses.

Choosing something to suit your style.

What has persuaded the reader to take up the openings he or she has?  One likely reason is that, if you have followed grandmaster play at all, these openings seem to be the current 'in thing'….  and, "if they're good enough for Kasparov and Co they are OK for me"!  This may not be so.  The top players, with their deeper grasp of both strategy and tactics, usually look to complicate a game.  If it is too simple it may be easier for one or the other to turn it into a draw.  A simpler opening may be better for you, however.

The opening is a part of the game where you should be reacting to your opponent's moves but also trying to impose your own strategy on the game.  You should be aware in a general sense of what he is up to and most players are.  Some openings make it clear from the first three or four moves just what you can expect from your opponent.  For example, he may be a very tactical player and come at you from move one: no hidden agenda here!  If you play an opening defence that you are not too sure of against one of these tigers you may quickly be torn to shreds.  This happens predominantly in the e4 category of openings and more so if you, as black, have responded with 1…e5.  There is no time to go your own way against these players: you are usually reacting to each and every move right from the start.

It is amazing, though, how often 'old-fashioned' openings may be re-introduced.  Years ago I regularly set out to play Petroff's Defence against  1.e4.  Virtually no-one in league or tournament play (at my level) knew much about it and I had good results with it because of this.  When Korchnoi reached the World Championship Candidates final in 1974 he tried it twice against Karpov – with disastrous results.  But, suddenly, the spotlight had been turned on this 'unknown' defence …with consequently harder games for the author!

The most successful defence against e4 – if you wish to avoid giving White too many choices by responding with  1. ..e5 – is, arguably, the Sicilian Defence.  This has certainly stood the test of time at all levels.  The only reason I didn't play it when 'in my prime' was the number of variations one had to learn.  I believed I had a poor memory.  (Strangely, now that my memory must have deteriorated with age, I have adopted this defence and with some success!).  But, this is a valid reason for discarding some openings … if your memory is poor or if you are just too lazy to memorise umpteen variations, avoid if you can that type of opening.

Another factor which greatly increased my success rate was simply in knowing what that success rate was!!!  I always played 1.e4 (or, pawn to king four, as it was then), fondly imagining that I had a good positive score with it.  One day I sat down and analysed my success rate with the openings I was then using.  Yes, if my opponent had replied with 1. ..e5 I had a two-to-one plus score.  But if the frequently-used Sicilian was the reply, I had a loss rate; against the French it was about even; miscellaneous other defences attracted good results for white.  I immediately became a convert to 1. d4.  If the reader, playing white, is troubled by defences against e4, I would recommend giving d4 or c4 a try (or any of the 'concealed' variations of these).  The one well-known advantage of moving the queen's pawn as against e4 is that you are not immediately setting up an undefended target for Black.

Let us consider a few types of openings and their themes.  Have a go at those which you  think may suit your style of play.

Gambits and sacrificial openings.

One defence/attack where both sides seem to throw away several recommended opening principles (and yet it is still brought out of the closet on occasion by even strong players) is that employed in the following game.  Usually a gambit involves giving up one pawn -  for quicker or better development – but here Black is invited to make a meal out of a whole chain of pawns.  It is the classic case of greed versus development; grab material and to hell with any come-uppance.  The opening is the Danish Gambit.

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Game 18.         Leicestershire League game, 1976. 

Author v  M Cowley

1

e4

e5

 

2

Nf3

Nc6

 

3

Bc4

Bc5

 

4

c3

Nf6

 

5

d4

exd4

 

6

0-0

 

The 'safe' line for Black here is to give back his extra pawn by castling.  However, accepting the gambit is perfectly in order provided one remembers the maxim 'be prepared to give back material at any time to gain position'.  The greed factor in all of us sometimes just won't let us do that

 

…..

dxc3

 

7

e5

cxb2

The Danish!  Three pawns up already can't be bad …can it?

8

Bxb2

 

Apart from the undeveloped Q-side knight, White is already strongly placed for an attack

 

…..

Ng4

 

9

Bxf7+

 

White's first move in the attack is to stop Black from castling

 

…..

Kf8

(If ..Kxf7,  Qd5+ soon gets the bishop back and puts a dangerous-looking queen in the centre of the board.)

10

Bh5

d6

 

11

exd6

 

With his better development and the Black king still stranded, White seeks to open up attacking files and diagonals.  Note that Black is only one meagre pawn up now at the cost of a terribly open position

 

…..

Bxd6

 

12

Re1

 

Every White move should be a direct threat; Black must not be given a freeing tempo.  The critical square for Black is e8.  If ..Nf6 to defend, then BxN, of course.  If ..Bd7, then 13. Qd5 poses threats.  Be7 emphasises the tactical position

 

…..

Be6

Black sets a cunning trap (often a good ploy to trip up an overconfident attacker) … if Rxe6 then ..Bxh2+  wins White's queen!

13

Qa4!

 

Avoiding the trap and setting up to win material by hitting at the knight on g4

 

…..

Nf6

If the knight stays where it is, it cannot be successfully defended.  Black chooses to let the white-squared bishop go instead but, with an immediate piece re-capture

14

Rxe6

Nxh5

 

15

Nbd2

 

Safety first!  (Before such inviting a move as      Qg4.)

 

…..

Qd7

 

16

Rae1

 

Black is still clinging on to a single pawn advantage but, with White's development now complete, the final phase of the battle can begin.  The white pieces are so strongly placed it is very hard for Black not to make a mistake.  He tries for a counter-strike

 

…..

Bb4

 

17

Rxc6

 

Now Q or b xc6 loses material, of course (18.QxB+).  Black apparently really has no choice but to take the knight …. However, knowing this will put him back in the mire and realising that White's rook is pinned, he tries a clever reply

 

…..

a5

White has a resource, though, which nullifies this …

18

Ba3!

Bd6

 

19

Bxd6+

 

19. Ne5 looks tempting but White decides not to complicate a 'won' game

 

…..

cxd6

 

20

Rc4

b5

 

21

Rf4+

Nxf4

 

22

Qxf4+

Kg8

 

23

Nd4

Rf8

 

24

Qe4

h5

 

25

Qe6+

 

White now has the material superiority to force a win so looks to reduce Black's defensive strength

 

…..

Qf7

Really achieving nothing but handing White a tempo

26

Qxf7+

Kxf7

 

27

Nxb5

d5

 

28

Nd6+

Kf6

 

29

Nf3

Rb8

 

30

Nd4

Rhd8

and resigns. It seems impossible for Black to squirm out of the mating net.  A possible continuation is 31. Re6+, Kg5  32. g3 and once the white king comes to g2, mating threats exist immediately.

 

Where a player can really score is where he books up thoroughly, especially in a little-used variation.   The next game saw the author in deep trouble against an unexpected gambit .

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Game 19.         Leicestershire League game, 1977.

                        A Aherne  v  Author.       Opening:  Petroff's Defence, Cochrane's Gambit.

 

1

e4

e5

 

2

Nf3

Nf6

 

3

Nxe5

d6

 

4

Nxf7!?

 

This certainly achieved 'shock value'.  White said after the game that this sacrifice was recommended in Bronstein's 100 best games.  As far as our game was concerned … he knew it, I didn't!

 

…..

Kxf7

 

5

d4

Be7

 

6

Nc3

c6

 

7

Bd3

Rf8?

When one meets an unexpected and unknown opening variation the general guideline is to stay cool, follow general development principles and, be prepared to return any material gained in a sacrificial attack.  The difficulty is in not making an inaccurate move but here, Black's move allows White to commence his attack ….

8

e5

dxe5

 

9

dxe5

Ng4

An attacking response.  Retreating the knight did not look too good

10

Qe2

Be6

 

11

h3

 

Here Black had feared Bxh7

 

…..

Nxf2

Retreating to h6 looked disastrous so Black chooses this moment to return material

12

0-0

 

White finds a clever reply which keeps his attack rolling

 

…..

Kg8

 

13

Rxf2

Rxf2

 

14

Qxf2

Nd7

Black is a pawn down but has drawn the teeth of the main attack.  Can he now get the pawn back also?

15

Qe2

Bc5+

 

16

Kh1

Qh4

 

17

Qe4?

 

A miscalculation – this move makes it very difficult for White to hang on to his extra pawn

 

…..

Qxe4

 

18

Nxe4

Bd4

 

19

Ng5

Nf8

 

20

Nxe6

 

A critical mistake …. 20. Bf4 (which also releases the rook on a1) is correct

 

…..

Nxe6

 

21

Bc4

Re8

 

22

Bd2

Kf8

Black must unpin the knight.  Also, he must not be tempted by ..Bxb2.  The priority is to eliminate the passed pawn on e5

23

Rf1+

Ke7

 

24

Bxe6

Kxe6

Here a draw was agreed.  (If White tries 25. Bf4, Black does not, of course play ..Bxe5???  when 26. Bxe5, Kxe5  27. Re1+ would pick up the black rook.  25 ..Kd5 wins back the pawn safely)

So much for gambits or early sacrifices here as they will be met with again in other illustrative games.  They can achieve much but, like shares, they carry an inherent risk.  As does another type of opening, the over-optimistic early attacking play which creates dangerous weaknesses in the attacker's position … this might well be called loose play.

Unless you are a tactical wizard it is best to keep it 'tight and safe' in the opening.  Several games follow later in this chapter under the sub-heading Loose play by White which clearly illustrate the dangers of that type of play, but now we switch to the advantages of the slow build-up.

Opening play featuring a slow build-up.

As the reader will observe, most of the author's games have a tendency towards striking out, where the opportunity permits, in an aggressive manner.  Playing with the white pieces then, it is rarely that the author can demonstrate the true, patient build up of forces that will sweep all before it and which will exemplify the principles of this section.  Some such games have been used, however, in different contexts but the following game will perhaps give some idea of this type of opening.  Here, it is as though White is waiting for Black to overreach himself, which is what happens.  The hardest games in this category are where White carries out his slow, methodical build up, perhaps with much manoeuvring of pieces onto better squares, only to find he is pitted against an equally patient and careful defender!  Draw?

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Game 20.         Leicestershire County 2nds v  Hunts and Peterborough , 1974.

                        Author   v  E Dalby   (board 3). Opening:  Queens Gambit Declined.

 

1

c4

e6

 

2

d4

d5

 

3

Nc3

Nf6

 

4

Nf3

Be7

 

5

g3

0-0

 

6

cxd5

 

Move 5 for White is obviously preparatory to playing Bg2 so, the pawn on c4 cannot be left en prise.  Pushing the pawn on would invite an early skirmish before White is fully prepared;  6. b3 was a possibility but invites ..Bb4

 

…..

exd5

 

7

Bg2

b6

 

8

0-0

Bb7

 

9

a3

c5

 

10

dxc5

bxc5

So far Black has played an exemplary game.  White must seek to improve the position of his pieces.  The swap-off just instigated by White leaves him with no pawns contesting the central squares.  It would seem that this violation of the principle of controlling the centre was a result of the tactical decision to attack the black bishop on b7 with Qb3 followed up with Rd1…..

11

Qb3

Qb6

Black wants to keep his strong bishop on b7.  If he defends it with the queen other than by the text move he will, maybe, have his queen on an inferior square.  Also, should White capture the black queen, Black's re-take will get rid of an isolated pawn and strengthen the c-d-pawn pair.  That must have been the logic behind Black's reply

12

Qxb6

axb6

Up until this point – which starts the middle-game phase – White had developed quietly.  Indeed, apart from the queen's sally, his pieces sit stolidly awaiting the unfolding of the great battle plan.   Now, with the black queen gone, White is free to probe with his minor pieces: their time has come!

13

Ne5

Rd8

 

14

Rd1

Ne4!?

Black seeks to exchange knights as White's on c3 is a minor irritant but, with his text move, Black allows a serious weakening of his pawn structure.  This move, which Black had failed to fully calculate the consequences of, is the turning point in the game

15

Nxe4

dxe4

 

16

Be3

f6

The advanced knight is to be driven off

17

Rxd8+

Bxd8

 

18

Rd1

Be7

 

19

Nd7

 

Far from being driven back by the move ..f6, the knight steps forward with a dangerous initiative.  The weakness of a backward pawn is now illustrated

 

…..

Na6

Black's Q-side now rapidly crumbles

20

Nxb6

 

Black is now faced with a difficult decision …. Normally he would not wish to allow a simplification by swapping off pieces but he cannot allow White unchallenged control of the d-file

 

…..

Rd8

 

21

Rxd8+

Bxd8

 

22

Nc4

Be7

 

23

Bf4

 

Black's knight, in its weakest position on the edge of the board, is cut off

 

…..

f5

 

24

e3

Bf6

White's black-squared bishop and his knight are so well placed that he can almost ignore Black's moves!

25

Bf1

Be7

 

26

Nd6

 

If Black's last move was to discourage this, he must be disappointed

 

…..

Bxd6

 

27

Bxd6

Kf7

 

28

Bxa6

Bxa6

 

29

Bxc5

 

With two connected passed pawns, White looks to have an easy win but, Black has other ideas and the annoying bishop on a6 is a problem which White must first solve

 

…..

Ke6

 

30

f3

 

White frees a path for his king but, at a price

 

…..

exf3

 

31

Kf2

Bb7

 

32

a4

g6

 

33

b4

h5

 

34

a5

g5

White should have prevented this with h4 but was perhaps overeager to get his passed pawns up the board

35

b5

g4

 

36

Bb4

 

This is not a good move – the g1/a7 diagonal is the one to be on

 

…..

Kd7

 

37

Be1

 

White's plan to exchange the positions of his king and bishop is clumsy and hard to implement

 

…..

Kd6

 

38

a6

Bd5

 

39

Bb4+

 

White abandons his former plan.  He cannot allow ..Kc5

 

…..

Kc7

 

40

Bc5

Kb8

 

41

b6

Kc8

 

42

b7+

Bxb7

(Forced!)

43

axb7+

Kxb7

 

44

e4

 

The only way

 

…..

fxe4

 

45

Ke3

Kc6

 

46

Bd4

Kd5

 

47

Bb2?

Kc4

And resigns.   Although White's last move was a time-wasting inaccuracy, Black realises that it is only a matter of time before he is forced off the key squares.  Play could continue ……   48. Bd4, Kd5  49. Ba7, Ke5  50. Bb6 (this move forces the black king to lose the opposition which it now enjoys), Kd5  51. Bd4, Kc4  52. Kxe4, Kb3  53. Kf4, Kc4  54. Ba7, Kd3  55. Kg5, Ke2  56. Kxh5, f2  57. Bxf2, Kxf2  58. Kxg4 and wins.  If, at move 50 the black king had gone the other way ….Kf5, then 51. Bd4, Kg5  52. Kxe4, h4  53. Be3+ and 54. Kf4 wins

 

This game does show, however, the power of the king when in action.  If Black had been  faced with only one passed pawn, the end might well have been different.  His king worked his socks off (do kings wear socks?) in this game but the odds were just too great.  The ending of this game should be played in the context of the use of a king in the appropriate section of chapter 4.                   

Loose play by White. A game which illustrates the dangers for White of playing loosely and with premature ideas of attack is this one, admittedly against an opponent with a special talent – grandmaster-to-be Mark Hebden.

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Game 21.          Leicestershire County Championship, 1975/76.

Author  v  M Hebden.    Opening: French Def, Exch Var - Dutch  

1

e4

e6

 

2

d4

d5

 

3

exd5

exd5

 

4

Nf3

Bd6

 

5

Nc3

Ne7

 

6

Bg5

c6

White's knight on the Q-side has blocked his c-pawn and, after Black's last move, has got some manoeuvring to do to get into the game. It is the subtlety of misplacements such as this that can help to swing a game

7

Bd3

0-0

 

8

h3

h6

White has a clear choice… carry through with the attacking threat of his sixth move by playing BxN or  retreat!  Retreat to h4 looks risky, inviting a pawn advance.  White decides to avoid complications…

9

Be3

Nd7

 

10

0-0

f5

The loss of tempo by moving the bishop out and back has handed Black the initiative

11

g3??

 

A terrible, weakening move.  Why not bring over the knight from c3 to discourage the pawn advance and bolster the king's defence?

 

…..

f4

 

12

gxf4

Bxf4

 

13

Qd2

Qc7

 

14

Ne2

Bd6

It is possible that this position could be held now but White misplaces another piece.  15. Ne1 then to g2 looks better than the text reply below although it is doubtful that the weak h-pawn could be saved (note the earlier comments on weak pawns)

15

Nh4

Nf6

 

16

Kg2

 

The poor old king is having to do the work that his army should be doing!  But, White may have thought that at last he was mustering some sort of viable defence.  The future grandmaster playing Black had other ideas

 

…..

Bxh3+!

 

17

Kxh3

Qd7+

 

18

Kg2

Qg4+

The weaknesses of an advanced or disrupted king's pawn shield plus that of a knight on the edge of the board are convincingly exposed

19

Ng3

Qxh4

 

20

Rh1

Qg4

 

21

Rh3

Ne4

 

22

Bxe4

 

22. Qe2 is better

 

…..

dxe4

 

23

Rg1

Nf5

 

24

Qe1

 

White struggles to find the correct defensive moves while still keeping half an eye on counter-chances along the g-file.  But, would Qe2 have been better?

 

…..

Bxg3

 

25

Rxg3

 

(If  25. fxg3, …Qf3+ picks up the bishop on e3)

 

…..

Nxg3

Simple technique now wins easily for Black

26

fxg3

Rf5

 

27

Rh1

Raf8

 

28

Rh4

Qf3+

 

29

Kh2

Rh5

 

30

Bf4??

 

But, there is no defence

 

…..

Rxh4+

and White resigned

 

The theme of White's vulnerability if, after playing 1.e4, he plays a 'loose' game, as shown in the above game, is repeated in the next illustration too.  The type of player who may do this is often someone confident in their ingenuity with tactics. The following game looked set to be a very tactical affair … (but, this is the type of game I enjoy.  I like to 'mix it').  However, here White became quite indecisive and his final tactical throw was unsound.  The biggest risk for the author in this particular game was that I was trying something new, deserting my tried and trusted Petroffs for the Pirc Defence.

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Game 22.         Leicestershire League game, 1975.

C Johnson  v  Author.

 

1

e4

d6

 

2

d4

Nf6

 

3

f3

 

Quite playable but, in blocking the advance of Black's K-side knight, also deprives White's own knight of its most logical developing square

 

…..

g6

 

4

Be3

Bg7

 

5

Qd2

 

This queen move, behind the Q-side bishop often signals the intention to swap off Black's powerful fianchettoed bishop

 

…..

c6

So far development on both sides has followed a normal pattern.  Black is set to castle K-side; White on the Q-side after Nc3.  Now everything goes haywire

6

g4

h6

 

7

h4

Qc7

Black must stay cool against such early aggression but this move is played with an eye on the g3 square and  a possible counter-attack

8

Nc3

a5

Making White think twice about castling Q-side

9

a4

b6

 

10

Bd3

Na6

 

11

Na2

Bb7

Has the reader noted something odd about White's play?  He seems to have put the K-side attack on hold … moves 9 to 11 have not helped his game-plan

12

Qe2

Nd7

As well as abandoning his usual defence, Black seems also to have dumped his usually firm commitment to early castling.  The 'be flexible' principle has overridden this convention in this particular game, and why? ….. To castle K-side in view of White's build up in front of that position looks to invite trouble.  But, there is no rush to do so on the Q-side either because Black's central pawns are backward (not yet targets) and still provide a strong shield

13

c3

 

White now has more territory at the price of having his king still quite vulnerable on its central throne

 

…..

c5!

Black hits at White's strong centre and seeks to open up the long diagonal for his black-squared bishop

14

Rc1

Qc8

(To free up c7 for a knight manoeuvre)

15

Qd2

Nc7

 

16

Ne2

Ba6

 

17

c4

Ne6

 

18

Bb1

 

White's play suggests a lot of inconsistency in his 'planning department'.  All right, he must respond to Black's moves but, does he have a clear plan or is he merely waiting for an opportunistic chance?  He is strangely reluctant to advance his d-pawn and the K-side attack is still stuck in cement

 

…..

cxd4

(Unusually, the first 'take' in 18 moves)

19

Nxd4

Ne5

Threatening both Q and K-sides!

20

0-0

 

Belated …and risky now that the king's normal shield has been advanced so far up the board

 

…..

Qb7

Black has half an eye on h1 as he moves his queen to a safer square

21

Nxe6

fxe6

This normally weakening of Black's pawn structure actually creates a nice shield for the king

22

b3

Nf7

 

23

Nc3

g5

 

24

hxg5?

 

Although this wins a pawn, White should play h5.  Why open up the file for Black's rooks?

 

…..

hxg5

 

25

Bxg5

Kd7

 

26

Be3

Rh3

 

27

Rf2

Rah8

 

28

Kf1

Ne5

 

29

Qd4

Bf6

If we consider now just how much Black has achieved for the pawn sacrifice … his attack has gathered an unstoppable momentum.  The text move now allows a concealed attack on the White queen to be launched.  If White plays the logical- looking Qxb6, Black has lined up some nasty threats.  At the time control, however, it is the tactical White who suddenly gambles on a sacrificial attack!  His idea is to open up the attacking diagonal of the bishop on b1.

30

Nd5!?

exd5

 

31

exd5

Rh1+

 

32

Ke2

Rxc1

 

33

Bxc1

 

White threw away his chance of Qxb6 but now worse is to come

 

…..

Nxc4

 

34

Bf5+

Kc7

 

35

Qf4

 

The forced queen move leaves the concealed check on the king by the a6-bishop

 

…..

Nb2+

 

36

Ke1

Rh1+

and White resigned

 top

Another game that illustrates White's overconfidence and consequent loose play is the following.  Here the author is too eager to attack and makes a bad assessment of Black's position, thinking it is weaker than it really is, thus taking alarming risks.  It doesn't help again that Black is another Leicestershire future grandmaster and, although the author was not to know that, he really should have attacked from a more solid base.

 

Game 23.         Leicestershire County Championship, 1975/76.

            Author  v  G Flear.    Opening:  Giuoco Piano.

 

1

e4

e5

 

2

Nf3

Nc6

The favourite continuation then as now would be the Ruy Lopez, 3. Bb5.  But I used to prefer the simpler but natural – though considered by many outdated – Giuoco Piano

3

Bc4

Nf6

 

4

d4

exd4

 

5

Bg5

h6

 

6

Bh4

 

e5 is probably stronger and more combative

 

…..

g5

 

7

Bg3

Bc5

The opening is almost played through – early in this game!

8

h4

 

White decides to 'mix it' before his opponent can castle Q-side

 

…..

Nxe4

 

9

hxg5

d5!

A strong move, cutting out one of White's threats and developing the white-squared bishop

10

Bb5

Qe7

Black clouds are gathering; White needs to play very accurately

11

Qe2

 

White has no easy answers but, possibly, Be5 was stronger as it poses immediate threats and the B remaining on g3 looks a sitting duck

 

…..

Bg4

Black tightens the screw

12

Bxc6+

bxc6

 

13

Rxh6

 

Having created a hole on Black's Q-side, White 'goes for it'

 

…..

0-0-0

 

14

Qa6+

 

In a precarious position, White should have played Nbd2 but gambles on the faint possibility of a perpetual check

 

…..

Kb8

 

15

Bxc7+

Kxc7

 

16

Rxc6+

Kb8

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